DISSECTING THE LIBERIAN PROBLEM: HEALING THE CONGOU AND INDIGENIOUS MINDSETS
By
Edmund Zar-Zar Bargblor
This presentation argues that the view that Liberia could become a “racial ideal” was misguided (Putnam, 2006). The area where Liberia was later founded had Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch traders travelling through it for the begetting of goods and spices from the 15th century onwards (Van Der Kraaij, 2014), so Americo-Liberians were by no means the first to arrive on those shores for purposes akin to colonization, but none had a bigger effect than black colonialism. Despite never being colonized by white westerners, Liberia still suffered negative effects of colonialism, but none of the positives (infrastructure built by colonizers, for example) (Dennis and Dennis, 2008). Americans naively expected that Liberia would fulfill the dreams of all involved; that repatriates would create a black unified version of republican America, reinforcing the racial order and proving that colonialism could work – that it would become a civilized reflection of America in Africa. However, the Americo-Liberians had internalized white European racism, and began to engage in “white self-racialization”, which resulted in segregation and inequality.
The resurfacing of the Congou-Indigenous debate during the Liberian 2017, presidential campaign is a sad one. Perhaps, public discussion about some of the events of Liberia’s history (however unfortunate), could help us to appreciate Liberia’s journey from a colony, to an independent republic. This journey will undoubtedly help us to understand and appreciate the status of Liberians’ mindset before 1980, from a Socio- political perspective.
Ms. Christine Convey in her article entitled: “Lives of Settlers in the American Colonization Society Experiment” pointed out, the idea that free blacks would somehow identify with the Africans of the Grain Coast, Caesar shows, is unfounded and untrue. Most Liberian colonists were born and raised in the United States and descendants of a wide variety of African cultures not necessarily originating in or around the Liberian territory. The exception to this rule is recaptured slaves, protected by the Anti-Slave Trade Act after 1819, who were looked after by ACS agents, but these made up a minority of the Liberian population. She concluded in her research that the settlers in Liberia maintain separate communities, do little in terms of interactions with surrounding Kpelle or Cru people already present within the borders and did not even consider them Liberian citizens. This separation has created a mindset classified as ‘Congou Mentality.’
What is ‘Congou Mentality’?
Congou mentality is a mentality associated with the thinking of the Americo-Liberians. This mentality operates on the premise that African culture and all its attributes are primitive, backward and uncivilized. The Americo-Liberians or the ‘Congou people’ referred to indigenous Liberians as heathens, natives or country people. Before the Tolbert Administration, African Liberians were treated as subhuman. They defecated in the buckets at night and indigenous children carried the human waste to the outhouse the next morning. These are some of the peripheral mistreatments the indigenous received at the hands of the ex-slaves and their descendants.
At the institutional level, the adult indigenous carried the District Commissioners or the tax collectors, who in most if not all cases were ex-slaves, in hammock when they traveled in the interior of the country.
For the purpose of schooling, indigenous children were sent to the homes of the Americo-Liberians where they played the role of domestic servants. The indigenous children who went to live with these people had to change their names to those of Anglo-Saxon origin. One has to ponder as to the merit for the change of names. The writer is under the impression that the child’s name had to be changed for these people to be able to write it on paper. Please bear in mind that these people (the ex-slaves and the freed men of color) had very limited education except for few, those from the West Indies. It would be recalled that Professor Simon Green leaf, a Caucasian from Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who produced a replica of the US Constitution, authored the Liberian constitution. The Liberian constitution at that time did not reflect the African reality in which the ex-slaves found themselves, this document had no vision for the newly formed African nation.
It is against this background and atmosphere that ”educated indigenous Liberians” found themselves. Their names from their villages did not have the audio effect on the ruling class, who were ex-slaves and perhaps illegitimate children (free men of color) of the Caucasian slave masters. The ruling class and their descendants in most cases thought of themselves as Americans and not Africans. So, they hyphenated the connection by classifying or referring to themselves as Americo-Liberians.
Also, at the national level, the music played by the government owned radio station was predominantly Afro-American music. The Liberian Government for over 133 years did not strengthen the cultural foundations and academic institutions of Liberia, since most of the sons and daughters of the ruling class went to the United States or Europe for their college education. To be fair, the late President Tolbert in honest, endeavored to address some of these issues. He advanced education programs to address some of these issues.
The use of tribal languages within the homes and primary schools were discouraged or prohibited. These conducts by the national government have left the both ”educated indigenous and Americo-Liberians” with an identity problem. The policies were set in such a way that anything that was not Western was considered inferior. An ”educated indigenous Liberian” will quickly lend his support to the descendants of the ruling class than support a more qualified individual from another tribe.
Consequences of ‘Congou Mentality’
When another Liberian tells his/her fellow Liberian ”Flomo, you don’t look like someone from Bong or Grand Gedeh County, you speak good English.” This reflects Congo mentality. When we differentiate, and call other Liberians ‘lappa woman, countryman, native man/woman, these are all a reflection of Congou mentality. When Liberians referred to beautiful Liberian dress as ‘African costume,’ this reflects Congou mentality. When individual Liberian families failed to teach their children the tribal language of their forefathers, simply to fit a narrow definition of being ‘civilized.’ This reflects ‘Congou mentality’. When Liberian girls or boys are ashamed to be seen with their parents in public because ‘they,’ (the parents) do not look ‘civilized’ enough; this is a ‘Congou mentality’. There are several other examples of how this mentality has disoriented the perceptions of most Liberians, especially indigenous Liberians. When political parties in Liberia only refer to nominate only Americo-Liberian personalities as Standard Bearers, while ignoring qualified ingenious personalities within their respective parties, this is a reflection of ‘Congou Mentality’. The sad thing is, this mentality is perpetuated or reinforced daily among Liberians unconsciously.
The Underdevelopment of Liberia
‘Congou Mentality’ also played an active role in the under development of Liberia. Under past Liberian governments, little economic development was carried out because all the money was used to pay the government salaries of friends and family members. According to this mentality, the purpose of government was to provide jobs for people. Instead of wasting valuable funds on an overgrown government, all resources should have been directed towards building a business infrastructure for a modern society and fostering economic development. In Liberia, honest individuals who worked in governments without stealing the limited resources of the country were perceived as failures, while those who stole government money and resources to build two to three houses just in one year on salaries below Twenty-Thousand Dollars annually, are viewed as successful individuals. In essence, this mentality fosters stealing in government.
This mentality has created the impression that all solutions are political solutions, where the improving one’s self was through the embezzlement of public funds, the extortion of funds from the private sector, or padding the government payrolls with family members. This is why most Liberians are struggling to become president of Liberia at the same time. No one is willing to give way to the other with better ideas. Congou mentality has perpetuated the perception that success in life comes through the holding of positions in government, especially the presidency. The impact of this mentality came to life last year (2016), registration of Liberian political parties, when over ten political parties registered to contest for the presidency in October 2017. After many years of civil war, one would think that Liberian politicians have learned their lesson for national unity.
The thinking process of a person is an essential element of his life. It determines how he perceives himself/herself, others and his immediate environment. His social, economic and political life reflects his thinking. The ‘thinking process’ of an individual has a lot to do with his/her development. The French Philosopher and Mathematician, René’ Descartes was correct when he said, ‘I think, therefore I am.’ What one becomes in life has a lot to do with how he was brought up to think.
There is a famous poem entitled: Children Learn What They Live. One of its lines reads: If a child lives with shame, he learns to feel guilty. Observational learning theory informs us that man can learn certain behaviors merely by watching someone else perform them. What others do, especially those in leadership positions have a great influence on those that they governed. The introduction of misinformation about African values and culture, were oriented to confuse and misinform the Liberian child by the founding fathers is a sad reality.
What is the Way Forward, Relevant to Minimize or Eradicating the Influence of ‘Congou Mentality’?
If Liberia is to be developed during this new millennium; all Liberians must try to liberate their minds from the adverse influence of Congou Mentality.
The next Liberian Government has a responsibility to foster genuine peace between the Americo-Liberian community and that of the indigenous. It is crucial that mutual misperceptions, divisive memories and the inability to overcome historical legacies are addressed, before they are manifested into the spiral of distrust. Unresolved protracted conflicts are handled ahead before patterns of animosity manifest. The Americo-Liberians have also suffered, they also have experienced isolation. The two need each other (Americo and Indigenous Liberians), their respective experiences could help the Liberian nation to become prosperous within the West African Sub-region.
Workshops, such as importance of reconciliation processes should be setup. To be successful, there should be an acknowledgement of the “instrumental role of deep-rooted grievances, misperceptions and distrust, as well as the power that historical legacies, divisive memories have in fueling, sustaining tensions and ‘protracted’ animosity, even over generations.”
Let us not pretend that the Congou-Country problem doesn’t exist, because it is. All primary, secondary and post-secondary institutions, their respective curricula need to be integrated, programs instituted such as nationalism, Liberian indigenous tribal languages, relevant Liberian history courses from primary through college should be introduced and taught. Education will be the key to eradicate ‘Congou-Mentality’ in Liberia. The separation of Americo-Liberian life from that of native Africans was only one of many ways which the settlers failed to acclimate to their new home. Their displacement to another continent came with limited resources for building society. The education of many manumitted and even free blacks failed to equip them for the task of replicating the American life in Liberia (Feagin, 2009).
Indeed, ‘history cannot give us a program for the future, but it can give us a fuller understanding of our ourselves, and of our common humanity, so that we can better face the future” (Robert Penn Warren).
Happy and Safe Election Day on 10 October 2017!!
The Author: Mr. Edmund Zar-Zar Bargblor is an Educator. He is a graduate of Cuttington University, Liberia; Howard University, Washington, D.C, and Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. He is a former Deputy Managing Director of the National Port Authority of Liberia, NPA. He can be contacted at: [email protected]
Spread the love Dear Madam Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf: The Rest of…
DISSECTING THE LIBERIAN PROBLEM: HEALING THE CONGOU AND INDIGENIOUS MINDSETS By Edmund Zar-Zar Bargblor
In African, Breaking News, Commentary, Life, NationalDISSECTING THE LIBERIAN PROBLEM: HEALING THE CONGOU AND INDIGENIOUS MINDSETS
By
Edmund Zar-Zar Bargblor
This presentation argues that the view that Liberia could become a “racial ideal” was misguided (Putnam, 2006). The area where Liberia was later founded had Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch traders travelling through it for the begetting of goods and spices from the 15th century onwards (Van Der Kraaij, 2014), so Americo-Liberians were by no means the first to arrive on those shores for purposes akin to colonization, but none had a bigger effect than black colonialism. Despite never being colonized by white westerners, Liberia still suffered negative effects of colonialism, but none of the positives (infrastructure built by colonizers, for example) (Dennis and Dennis, 2008). Americans naively expected that Liberia would fulfill the dreams of all involved; that repatriates would create a black unified version of republican America, reinforcing the racial order and proving that colonialism could work – that it would become a civilized reflection of America in Africa. However, the Americo-Liberians had internalized white European racism, and began to engage in “white self-racialization”, which resulted in segregation and inequality.
The resurfacing of the Congou-Indigenous debate during the Liberian 2017, presidential campaign is a sad one. Perhaps, public discussion about some of the events of Liberia’s history (however unfortunate), could help us to appreciate Liberia’s journey from a colony, to an independent republic. This journey will undoubtedly help us to understand and appreciate the status of Liberians’ mindset before 1980, from a Socio- political perspective.
Ms. Christine Convey in her article entitled: “Lives of Settlers in the American Colonization Society Experiment” pointed out, the idea that free blacks would somehow identify with the Africans of the Grain Coast, Caesar shows, is unfounded and untrue. Most Liberian colonists were born and raised in the United States and descendants of a wide variety of African cultures not necessarily originating in or around the Liberian territory. The exception to this rule is recaptured slaves, protected by the Anti-Slave Trade Act after 1819, who were looked after by ACS agents, but these made up a minority of the Liberian population. She concluded in her research that the settlers in Liberia maintain separate communities, do little in terms of interactions with surrounding Kpelle or Cru people already present within the borders and did not even consider them Liberian citizens. This separation has created a mindset classified as ‘Congou Mentality.’
What is ‘Congou Mentality’?
Congou mentality is a mentality associated with the thinking of the Americo-Liberians. This mentality operates on the premise that African culture and all its attributes are primitive, backward and uncivilized. The Americo-Liberians or the ‘Congou people’ referred to indigenous Liberians as heathens, natives or country people. Before the Tolbert Administration, African Liberians were treated as subhuman. They defecated in the buckets at night and indigenous children carried the human waste to the outhouse the next morning. These are some of the peripheral mistreatments the indigenous received at the hands of the ex-slaves and their descendants.
At the institutional level, the adult indigenous carried the District Commissioners or the tax collectors, who in most if not all cases were ex-slaves, in hammock when they traveled in the interior of the country.
For the purpose of schooling, indigenous children were sent to the homes of the Americo-Liberians where they played the role of domestic servants. The indigenous children who went to live with these people had to change their names to those of Anglo-Saxon origin. One has to ponder as to the merit for the change of names. The writer is under the impression that the child’s name had to be changed for these people to be able to write it on paper. Please bear in mind that these people (the ex-slaves and the freed men of color) had very limited education except for few, those from the West Indies. It would be recalled that Professor Simon Green leaf, a Caucasian from Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who produced a replica of the US Constitution, authored the Liberian constitution. The Liberian constitution at that time did not reflect the African reality in which the ex-slaves found themselves, this document had no vision for the newly formed African nation.
It is against this background and atmosphere that ”educated indigenous Liberians” found themselves. Their names from their villages did not have the audio effect on the ruling class, who were ex-slaves and perhaps illegitimate children (free men of color) of the Caucasian slave masters. The ruling class and their descendants in most cases thought of themselves as Americans and not Africans. So, they hyphenated the connection by classifying or referring to themselves as Americo-Liberians.
Also, at the national level, the music played by the government owned radio station was predominantly Afro-American music. The Liberian Government for over 133 years did not strengthen the cultural foundations and academic institutions of Liberia, since most of the sons and daughters of the ruling class went to the United States or Europe for their college education. To be fair, the late President Tolbert in honest, endeavored to address some of these issues. He advanced education programs to address some of these issues.
The use of tribal languages within the homes and primary schools were discouraged or prohibited. These conducts by the national government have left the both ”educated indigenous and Americo-Liberians” with an identity problem. The policies were set in such a way that anything that was not Western was considered inferior. An ”educated indigenous Liberian” will quickly lend his support to the descendants of the ruling class than support a more qualified individual from another tribe.
Consequences of ‘Congou Mentality’
When another Liberian tells his/her fellow Liberian ”Flomo, you don’t look like someone from Bong or Grand Gedeh County, you speak good English.” This reflects Congo mentality. When we differentiate, and call other Liberians ‘lappa woman, countryman, native man/woman, these are all a reflection of Congou mentality. When Liberians referred to beautiful Liberian dress as ‘African costume,’ this reflects Congou mentality. When individual Liberian families failed to teach their children the tribal language of their forefathers, simply to fit a narrow definition of being ‘civilized.’ This reflects ‘Congou mentality’. When Liberian girls or boys are ashamed to be seen with their parents in public because ‘they,’ (the parents) do not look ‘civilized’ enough; this is a ‘Congou mentality’. There are several other examples of how this mentality has disoriented the perceptions of most Liberians, especially indigenous Liberians. When political parties in Liberia only refer to nominate only Americo-Liberian personalities as Standard Bearers, while ignoring qualified ingenious personalities within their respective parties, this is a reflection of ‘Congou Mentality’. The sad thing is, this mentality is perpetuated or reinforced daily among Liberians unconsciously.
The Underdevelopment of Liberia
‘Congou Mentality’ also played an active role in the under development of Liberia. Under past Liberian governments, little economic development was carried out because all the money was used to pay the government salaries of friends and family members. According to this mentality, the purpose of government was to provide jobs for people. Instead of wasting valuable funds on an overgrown government, all resources should have been directed towards building a business infrastructure for a modern society and fostering economic development. In Liberia, honest individuals who worked in governments without stealing the limited resources of the country were perceived as failures, while those who stole government money and resources to build two to three houses just in one year on salaries below Twenty-Thousand Dollars annually, are viewed as successful individuals. In essence, this mentality fosters stealing in government.
This mentality has created the impression that all solutions are political solutions, where the improving one’s self was through the embezzlement of public funds, the extortion of funds from the private sector, or padding the government payrolls with family members. This is why most Liberians are struggling to become president of Liberia at the same time. No one is willing to give way to the other with better ideas. Congou mentality has perpetuated the perception that success in life comes through the holding of positions in government, especially the presidency. The impact of this mentality came to life last year (2016), registration of Liberian political parties, when over ten political parties registered to contest for the presidency in October 2017. After many years of civil war, one would think that Liberian politicians have learned their lesson for national unity.
The thinking process of a person is an essential element of his life. It determines how he perceives himself/herself, others and his immediate environment. His social, economic and political life reflects his thinking. The ‘thinking process’ of an individual has a lot to do with his/her development. The French Philosopher and Mathematician, René’ Descartes was correct when he said, ‘I think, therefore I am.’ What one becomes in life has a lot to do with how he was brought up to think.
There is a famous poem entitled: Children Learn What They Live. One of its lines reads: If a child lives with shame, he learns to feel guilty. Observational learning theory informs us that man can learn certain behaviors merely by watching someone else perform them. What others do, especially those in leadership positions have a great influence on those that they governed. The introduction of misinformation about African values and culture, were oriented to confuse and misinform the Liberian child by the founding fathers is a sad reality.
What is the Way Forward, Relevant to Minimize or Eradicating the Influence of ‘Congou Mentality’?
If Liberia is to be developed during this new millennium; all Liberians must try to liberate their minds from the adverse influence of Congou Mentality.
The next Liberian Government has a responsibility to foster genuine peace between the Americo-Liberian community and that of the indigenous. It is crucial that mutual misperceptions, divisive memories and the inability to overcome historical legacies are addressed, before they are manifested into the spiral of distrust. Unresolved protracted conflicts are handled ahead before patterns of animosity manifest. The Americo-Liberians have also suffered, they also have experienced isolation. The two need each other (Americo and Indigenous Liberians), their respective experiences could help the Liberian nation to become prosperous within the West African Sub-region.
Workshops, such as importance of reconciliation processes should be setup. To be successful, there should be an acknowledgement of the “instrumental role of deep-rooted grievances, misperceptions and distrust, as well as the power that historical legacies, divisive memories have in fueling, sustaining tensions and ‘protracted’ animosity, even over generations.”
Let us not pretend that the Congou-Country problem doesn’t exist, because it is. All primary, secondary and post-secondary institutions, their respective curricula need to be integrated, programs instituted such as nationalism, Liberian indigenous tribal languages, relevant Liberian history courses from primary through college should be introduced and taught. Education will be the key to eradicate ‘Congou-Mentality’ in Liberia. The separation of Americo-Liberian life from that of native Africans was only one of many ways which the settlers failed to acclimate to their new home. Their displacement to another continent came with limited resources for building society. The education of many manumitted and even free blacks failed to equip them for the task of replicating the American life in Liberia (Feagin, 2009).
Indeed, ‘history cannot give us a program for the future, but it can give us a fuller understanding of our ourselves, and of our common humanity, so that we can better face the future” (Robert Penn Warren).
Happy and Safe Election Day on 10 October 2017!!
An open letter to Madam Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
Spread the love Dear Madam Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf: The Rest of…
Edmund Zar-Zar Bargblor
Mr. Edmund Zar-Zar Bargblor is an Educator. He is a graduate of Cuttington University, Liberia; Howard University Washington, D.C, and Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. He is a former Deputy Managing Director of the National Port Authority of Liberia, NPA. He can be contacted at: [email protected]
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